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 |  Tiêu đề: MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT  17th May 2013, 10:17 | |
| MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
Question 1:
- There are four categories of teaching activities in this chapter in terms of forming a framework for materials design
• Approach
• Techniques
• Syllabuses
• Exercises
Approach: theoretical motivations underlying any curriculum development (Anthony 1963; Richards & Rogers 1982; McKay 1978) - ways of defining what the students needs to learn based on assumptions and theoretical positions drawn from disciplines as diverse as linguistics, psychology, and education.
Syllabuses:
• are the way to plan, organize or decide about what should be taught first, second third…
• the choices necessary to organize the language content of a program.
• examining instructional objectives, arranging them in terms of priorities, and then determining what kinds of techniques and exercises are required to attain those objectives.
Techniques: are way of presenting the language to the student, techniques from a categories of teaching activities that seem relatively independent from a syllabuses and approaches. A variety of techniques might be use to present a structural syllabus based on direct approach.
Exercises:
• are the ways of practicing the language to the students
• set of activities/ways of having the students practice language points they have been presented.
• centers on students using the language in some interaction such as Ss-Ss, Ss-T, Ss- group
Question 2:
Materials blueprint should be considered before starting to develop materials because:
• Materials blueprint should account for all the relevant information leanered in the initial curriculum development stages and include all factors judged to be potentially important influences on the program.
• Instructional blueprint include many informationabout curriculum: background information, overall curriculum description, need assessment, goals and objectives…and It also includes a brief section detailing whatever background informationthe teacher should know.
• With all of the needs, objectives and testing information about curriculum at least a tentative program framework is in place, the materials can most likely based on the information outline in these broad brush strokes.
• Blueprint for a systematic development of materials is some sort of descriptions of the types of instructional materilas (textbooks, readers…) that are envisioned.
Some of potential units of analysis that should be considered in developing materials:
• The situations in which foreign language will be used.
• The language activities in which the learner will engage.
• The language function that the leraner will fulfill
• What the leaner will be able to do with respect to each topic
• The general notion that the leanrner will be able to handle
• The specific notions that the learner will be able to handle
• The language form that the leanrner will be use at the end of the course
Question 3:
A scope and sequence chart turn out to be more transparent and easier to interpret because it captures and delineates the repetitive elements of the curriculum in an efficient manner that minimizes redundancy.
Gantt diagram is two – axis figure with time divisions labeled across the horizontal axis and task divisions down the vertical axis.
these tools prove useful in the materials development stage bof curriculum development because: they are the ways to show overall information about the course that can be understood at a glance. It should all the tasks involved and the time frame in which each task must be begun and completed. Not only such s diagram be a useful tools for explaining curriculum development project to outsiders but it also helps to keep insiders on schedule. These tools prove useful at other stages of curriculum development equally.
Question 4:
The materials come from:
• Adopting
• Developingg
• Adapting
Developing materials:( cái này mọi người tham khảo nhá)
Sometimes it is difficult to find materials that meet the objectives of programme. In these case, the development of materials may be an option. There are some advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:
• Relevance: developed materials can be directly relevant to Student’ and institutional needs.
• Develop expertise: the process can help promote expertise among the staff, giving them greater understanding of characteristics of effective materials.
• Reputation: it wil show the institution’s commitment to providing specifically designed for its students
• Flexibility: materials procedures within the institution can be revised and adapted as needed
Disadvantages:
• Cost: in terms of money and time
• Quality: it will be very difficult to produce material with the same quality of design and content as commercial sources.
• Training: since writing material is a specialized skill, it requires adequate training.
Question 5:
Adopting materials in a rational manner is not as easy as it might at first appear:
• First: deciding what types of materials are desirable
• Second: all available materials of these types should be located just in case they may prove useful
• Third: some form of review and evaluation procedures must be set up to pare the list down to only those materials that should be seriously considered so that final choices can be made.
• Finally: some strategies for the regular review of adopted materials must be set up to make sure that they do not become irrelevant to the needs of students and the changing conditions in the program.
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